ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II

Exam 3 Study Guide

I.    DNA & RNA (nucleic acids)

                        function

                        structure

                                    nucleotides

                                                4 nitrogenous bases

                                    double helix

                                    base pairing TA, CG

                        protein synthesis

                                    transcription : formation of messenger RNA

                                    translation :  formation of proteins

                        RNA structure - single stranded, uracil instead of thymine

                                    messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA

                        replication

                                    leading & lagging strand

           II.    Biotechnology

                        genetic engineering

                                    cleavage, recombination, cloning, screening

                        gene therapy

                                    somatic

                                    germ line

                        cloning

                                    nuclear transfer

           III.   Cell Divsion

                        Mitosis

                                    phases

                                                interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

                        Meiosis  (gametes only)

            phases

                                                interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, interkinesis

                                                interphase II, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

                        Mutations

                                    point, frame shift, transposition