ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II
Exam 1 Study Guide
I. Digestive System
functions
digestion & absorption
mechanical digestion
teeth, stomach
chemical (enzymatic) digestion
oral cavity, stomach, pancreas, cells of the small intestines
what gets digested
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, mineral, nucleic acids
regions of the digestive tract...and what they do
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines
4 tunics (layers) of the digestive tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
detergents
liver & gall bladder
serous membranes
peritonium
II. Respiratory System
principles of respiration
adequate size, moist surface, transport, protection
functions
gas exchange, voice, protection
regions of the respiratory system
nasal cavity, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, lungs
lungs
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
mechanics of breathing
serous membranes
parietal pluera, pulmanary (visceral) pleura
respiratory volumes
tidal & residual volumes
inspiratory & expiratory reserves
inspiratory, vital, & total lung capacities
control systems
respiratory center (medulla)
exercise
aging
III. Cardiovascular System
functions
transport, regulate blood supply
heart
structure
functions
blood pressure, one way flow, routing, regulate blood flow
pericardium
fibrous, parietal, visceral
stimulation
control systems
cardioregulatory center (medulla)
hormones
heart signs
pulse, blood pressure, heart sounds, ekg
arrythmias (abnormalities)
blood flow
nutrient absorption pathway
blood vessels
arteries & veins
functions
carry blood, exchange nutrients & gasses
3 tunics (layers)
adventitia, media, intima
abnormalities
arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
blood
functions
transport, body temperature, defenses, clots
plasma
formed elements
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
hemoglobin
transport of gasses
aging
decreased heart function, heart rate, & valve function
enlargement of left ventricle, increased chance of arrythymias